fï w;r uq¿ f,dju lïmdjg;a NS;shg;a m;a lrkq ,nk ;j;a fhdaO msmsÍula <Õ§u isÿjk nj wdrxÑ ud¾. i|yka lrhs' ta ienE wdrxÑhhs fï' fhdaO .skslkaola msmsÍ hkakla fuka wm Ôj;afjk mDÓú ;,fha tla fldgila <Õ§u mqmqrd heug iQodkï fjñka isák nj m%Odk fmf<a úoHd{hka msßila wk;=re yeÕùula lrñka lshd isá;s'
fï ìysiqKq msmsÍfuka ñ,shk .KklajQ ñksia >d;khl=;a j;auka iudcfha kj ;dlaIK ks¾udK rdYshl=;a úkdYù heug bv ;sfnk nj Tõyq jeäÿrg;a lshd isá;s' fuh iajNdj O¾uhdf.a l%shdjla nj lshk hqfrdamd úoHd moku E uropean Science Foundation mDÓú ;,fha isÿjk fujeks fhdaO msmsÍï ksid ñksidf.a meje;aug úYd, ;¾ckhla t,a,ù we;ehs o th lsisjl=g je<elaúh fkdyels hEhso lshd isáhs' 1815 § mDÓú ;,fha fhdaO msmsÍula we;sjQ nj lshk fuu úoHd moku th bkaÿkSishdfõ ;ïfndardfõ§ we;sjQ njo fuu fhdaO msmsÍu ksid ñksiqka 100000 la ñh .sh njo i|yka lrhs' fuu fhdaO msmsÍu ksid tys w¨ yqKq ÿudrh j,dl=¿ iu. ñY%ù ie;mqï úisyhla ^26& ÿrg .sh njo fï ksid WIaK;ajfha úYd, fjkila we;sù fkdfhla úÈfha f,v frda. iy jix.; me;sÍ .sh njo tu moku jeäÿrg;a lshd isáhs' fuu ìysiqKq isoaêh jk úg ;ïfndard m%foaYhg .%SIau iD;=j Wodfjñka ;sì‚' fï w¨yqKq j,dl=¿ ksid ;ïfndardjg Wodùug ;snqKq .%SIau iD;=j ke;sù .sh njo lsh;s' mDÓú ;,fha fuu fhdaO msmsÍug fya;= olajk hqfrdamd úoHd moku bka tlla iS.%fhka jeäfjk ck .ykho fojkak f.da,Sh .uka ìuka hEhso i|yka lrhs'
fuu fhdaO msmsÍu isÿjqjfyd;a ck;dj fírd .ekSu i|yd Tjqka oekqj;a lsÍug ish¨u f,dal n,j;=ka jydu bÈßm;a úh hq;= hhso lshd isáhs'
fï w;r fuu ìysiqKq msmsÍu ms<sn|j jd¾;djla ilia l< hqfrdamd úoHd moku th miq.shod úhdkdfõ hqfrdamd mDÓú úoHd ix.uhg bÈßm;a lf<ah' cd;Hka;r fN!ñl foaYmd,ksl wjOdkhla fï fj; jydu fhduqúh hq;= hEhso tu jd¾;dfõ jeäÿg;a i|yka ù ;sì‚'
N+lïmd" kshÕ" mdIdK lvd jeàï" .xj;=r" iqkdñ" iq<s iq<x" ysuOdjh iy le,E .sks .ekSu jeks úm;a .eko fuu jd¾;dfjka lreKq olajd ;sì‚' fï ish,a, isÿjkafka mDÓú ;,fha we;sjk fooÍï ksid hEhso tys i|yka fjhs' f.jqKq wjqreÿ fooy ;=<§ N+ lïmd iy iqkdñ úm;a rdYshlau isÿù we;s nj;a oeka fïjd idudkH isoaëka njg m;aù we;s nj;a tu jd¾;dfõ jeäÿrg;a i|yka fjhs' fuu ;¾ckhkag uqyqK §u i|yd jydu m%n, jev ms<sfj<la Èh;a l< hq;=j we;ehs o jd¾;dj fmkajd fohs' huy,a msmsÍu b;du;a oreKq isoaêhla nj fmkajd fok hqfrdamd úoHd moku fuu msmsÍïj,ska ñksidf.a meje;aug úYd, ;¾ckhlaù we;ehso i|yka lrhs' fuu msmsÍï j,ska jdhq f.da,h úkdYù hk nj lshk úoHd moku huy,a msmsÍfuka msgfjk w¨yqKq ÿudrh j,dl=¿ iu. ñY%ù ie;mqï ish .Kkla wE;g we§ f.dia ñksiqkag fkdfhla úêfha úm;a isÿ lrk njo lshd isáhs' úfYaIfhkau .=jka .uka j,g fuu w¨yqKq ÿudrfhka ndOd isÿjk nj lshk úoHd moku fï ksid hqfrdamd wd¾Ólhg uE;l§ fvd,¾ ì,shk mylg jeä mdvqjla isÿù we;ehs u; m<lr isà'
ye;a;E kj fjks l%sia;= j¾Ifha§ úiQúhia lkao mqmqrd f.dia b;d,sfha fmïfmhs k.rh iïmQ¾Kfhkau úkdYù .sfhah' f.j,a fodrj,a muKla fkdj tys isá ñksiqkao i;=kao úkdYù .sfhah' wo fmdïfmhs k.rfha we;af;a tys kgnqka muKls' 1980 § Ydka; fyf,akd .sks lkao mqmqrd .sfhah' fuu msmsÍfuka ta wjg ;snqKq f.j,ao tys Ôj;ajQ ñksiqkao úkdYù .sfhah'
1500 ka miq fujeks msmsÍï úiaila jd¾;d úh'
fuhg iu.dój wjqreÿ 75000 lg by;§ bkaÿkSishdfõ iqud;%d ¥mf;a we;s f,ala fgdand jej wi,§ isÿjQ uyd msmsÍu fuf;la isÿù we;s oreKqu msmsÍu nj úoHd{hska lshd isá;s' fuys m%;sM,h jQfha huyf,ka ieÿKq f.da,Sh iS; iD;=jla we;sùuh' fuu iS; iD;=j wjqreÿ oyhla mej;s njo lshfõ' fujeks msmsÍï ksid f,dal ck.ykfhka ishhg oyhla muK úkdY fjk njo úoHd{fhda u; m< lr;s'
1783 § whsia,ka;fha§ we;sjQ ,sls kue;s msmsÍfuka f.da,Sh fjkila isÿjQ njo úfYaI{hka msßila lshd isá;s' 1783 § uyd ì%;dkHfhao fujeks msmsÍula isÿ úh' fuh isÿ jQfha .%SIau iD;=fõ§h' fuu msmsÍu;a iu.u tys w¨yqKq ÿudrh yeu ;eku me;sÍ .sfhah' fï ksid ñksiqka 25000 la muK ñh .shy' .%SIau iD;=fõ§ fuh isÿjQ neúka ì%;dkHfha isá ck;dj th y÷kajk ,oafoa —je,s iD;=j˜ kñks' huy,a l%shd ldrlï uevmeje;aùu i|yd f,dal n,j;=kag wjqreoaolg mjqï ì,shk foll uqo,la jeh lsÍug isÿjkq we;ehs mjik fuu úfYaI{hka msßi fuu msmsÍï je,elaùu i|yd iqÿiq jevms<sfj,la jydu l%shd;aul fkdlf<d;a oreKq f€ojdplhlg uqyqK§ug isÿjkq we;ehso lshd isá;s'
mDÓú ;,fha msmsÍ hkafka fldhs fldgioehs ;ju;a fidhdf.k ke;' kuq;a th taldka;fhkau isÿjk nj lshk m%Odk fmf<a úoHd{hka msßi tu fhdaO msmsÍug uqyqK§u i|yd iQodkï fjk fukao b,a,d isá;s' mDÓúh msmsÍ lvd jefgk fuu fhdaO .sks fnda,h weojefgkafka fld;eko@ tu biõfõ isák ck;djf.ka ñ,shk .Kkla ms,siaiS ñh hkq we;hso fuu úoHd{hka msßi jeäÿrg;a u; m< lr;s' mDÓú;,fhka .e,ù my<g tk fï fhdaO .sks fnda,h ,xldjg lvd jegqfKd;a fldaá follajQ ck.ykhg l=ula isÿfõo@ ta .ek is;Su Tng ndr lr ksy~ fjuq'
wd;¾' hQ' wurfiak
